What type of rock is formed by the rapid cooling of lava on the Earth’s surface?

Basalt

Basalt, with its dark and fine appearance, is the hallmark of rapid volcanic eruptions and fluid lava flows. This type of igneous rock forms when lava cools quickly on the surface, often in aquatic environments, where water accelerates the solidification process. Basalt is the most common rock on the Earth's surface, making up the ocean floor and volcanic islands. Its rapid formation allows for the capture of gas bubbles, creating a unique porous structure that reflects its explosive origin.